;;; Upper CYC(R) Ontology flat-file ;;; Copyright Cycorp 1997. All rights reserved. ;;;Cycorp License Agreement ;;;Cycorp is providing this material from the Cyc(tm) Upper ;;;Ontology at no charge, for everyone to use, including ;;;commercial service use and incorporation into products. ;;;However, it is not 'Public Domain.' Please acknowledge ;;;Cycorp, 3721 Executive Center Dr., Austin, TX 78731 in ;;;any use or citation of this material, and request that each ;;;further user include a full copy of this notice as well, ;;;in any use or citation they make of the material. All ;;;these terms equally apply to renamings and other ;;;logically equivalent reformulations of the material in ;;;any natural or formal language. Cycorp intends to ;;;amend and expand the material from time to time; the ;;;latest version is available at http://www.cyc.com ;;; #$MechanicalDevice (#$isa #$MechanicalDevice #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$MechanicalDevice #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$genls #$MechanicalDevice #$PhysicalDevice) (#$comment #$MechanicalDevice "A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$MechanicalDevice is a physical device which has one part that moves with respect to another of its parts. Thus a spoon is not one of these, but a pair of scissors is, as are more complex devices such as vacuum cleaners and the #$SpaceShuttleChallenger.") ;;; #$MedialRegionFn (#$isa #$MedialRegionFn #$ReifiableFunction) (#$isa #$MedialRegionFn #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$MedialRegionFn #$AnimalBodyRegion) (#$arg1Isa #$MedialRegionFn #$AnimalBodyRegion) (#$comment #$MedialRegionFn "The function (MedialRegionFn REGOROBJ), applied to a region or object REGOROBJ, means the sub-region consisting of the center parts or middle section (near the mid-line) of REGOROBJ, or the medial main portion of REGOROBJ as opposed to the right and left portions. It applies when REGOROBJ itself has an intrinsic right/left orientation (unlike, say, a sphere), but if REGOROBJ is a part within a larger region or object that has its own right/left orientation, the function returns REGOROBJ's portion nearest the mid-line (with respect to left and right) of the larger region or object.") ;;; #$MedicalCareEvent (#$isa #$MedicalCareEvent #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$MedicalCareEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$MedicalCareEvent #$ActionOnObject) (#$genls #$MedicalCareEvent #$HumanActivity) (#$genls #$MedicalCareEvent #$ServiceEvent) (#$comment #$MedicalCareEvent "A collection of events. When any medical care professional provides a medical service to patients, that is an instance of #$MedicalCareEvent. An instance of #$MedicalCareEvent may be a diagnostic procedure, a treatment, a consultation, routine check-up, a medical test, etc. -- anything a medical care provider can bill for. E.g., (#$BirthFn #$NicoleLenat) represents the birth of a particular person; since she were born in a modern Western hospital, doctors, nurses, and a variety of hospital equipment were present and used, so this is a #$MedicalCareEvent. ") ;;; #$MedicalCareInstitution (#$isa #$MedicalCareInstitution #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$MedicalCareInstitution #$MedicalCareOrganization) (#$comment #$MedicalCareInstitution "Large organizations that provide medical or psychiatric care and have facilities for patients to stay at least overnight.") ;;; #$MedicalCareOrganization (#$isa #$MedicalCareOrganization #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$MedicalCareOrganization #$ServiceOrganization) (#$genls #$MedicalCareOrganization #$MedicalCareProvider) (#$comment #$MedicalCareOrganization "A collection of organizations; a subset of both #$MedicalCareProvider and #$ServiceOrganization. An element of #$MedicalCareOrganization is any organization that provides some kind of medical care; it may be a sub-organization of a larger organization. Examples include all instances of #$DoctorsOffice, #$DentistsOffice, #$OptometricFacility, or #$RehabilitationFacility; #$IndependentPracticeAssociation or #$Hospital; #$EmergencyRoom, #$DialysisUnit, #$AllergyTestingFacility; #$HomeNursingServiceOrganization or #$LongTermMedicalCareFacility; and #$VeterinaryHospital.") ;;; #$MedicalCareProfessional (#$isa #$MedicalCareProfessional #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$MedicalCareProfessional #$MedicalCareProvider) (#$genls #$MedicalCareProfessional #$HealthProfessional) (#$comment #$MedicalCareProfessional "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$MedicalCareProfessional is a person whose occupation principally involves medical care of patients, including surgery, psychological care, physical therapy, practical nursing, and dispensing drugs. The collection #$MedicalCareProfessional includes members of the subsets #$Psychiatrist, #$Pharmacist, #$EmergencyMedicalTechnician, #$Nurse, #$Doctor-Medical, etc., as well as #$Veterinarian.") ;;; #$MedicalCareProvider (#$isa #$MedicalCareProvider #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$MedicalCareProvider #$SocialBeing) (#$comment #$MedicalCareProvider "The collection of agents who provide medical care in a professional capacity.") ;;; #$MedicalFacilityType (#$isa #$MedicalFacilityType #$Collection) (#$genls #$MedicalFacilityType #$ExistingObjectType) (#$comment #$MedicalFacilityType "Instances are kinds of medical care facilities. Some may be organizations , some may be places and some are equipment.") ;;; #$MedicalPatient (#$isa #$MedicalPatient #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$MedicalPatient #$Animal) (#$comment #$MedicalPatient "One who is undergoing medical care - which includes routine examinations as well as treatment for injuries or illnesses.") ;;; #$MedicalSpecialtyType (#$isa #$MedicalSpecialtyType #$Collection) (#$genls #$MedicalSpecialtyType #$OccupationType) (#$comment #$MedicalSpecialtyType "The collection of all medical worker types, divided up by specialty.") ;;; #$MedicalTesting (#$isa #$MedicalTesting #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$MedicalTesting #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$MedicalTesting #$MedicalCareEvent) (#$genls #$MedicalTesting #$Thinking) (#$comment #$MedicalTesting "A collection of events in which some aspect of a patient's physiological condition is evaluated using medical procedures. An instance of #$MedicalTesting is a test done on a patient -- or, often, on a sample taken from the patient's body -- in order to gather information (a) about the patient's general state of health, (b) to help in making a diagnosis, (c) to determine or monitor the severity of a known condition of the patient's. The collection #$MedicalTesting includes an enormous variety of procedures in modern Western medicine, from simple blood tests to complex MRIs.") ;;; #$MedicalTreatmentEvent (#$isa #$MedicalTreatmentEvent #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$isa #$MedicalTreatmentEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$MedicalTreatmentEvent #$SimpleRepairing) (#$genls #$MedicalTreatmentEvent #$MedicalCareEvent) (#$comment #$MedicalTreatmentEvent "A collection of medical care events; i.e., a subset of #$MedicalCareEvent. In any instance of #$MedicalTreatmentEvent, the procedures performed by a medical professional are done to alleviate or ameliorate an #$AilmentCondition. The set of treatments for a specific ailment may be denoted using #$TreatmentFn (q.v.).") ;;; #$MediterraneanSea (#$isa #$MediterraneanSea #$Entity) (#$isa #$MediterraneanSea #$Sea) (#$comment #$MediterraneanSea "A strategically important small sea between southern Europe, western Asia (the Levant), and northern Africa.") ;;; #$MediumAmountFn (#$isa #$MediumAmountFn #$GenericValueFunction) (#$resultIsa #$MediumAmountFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$arg1Isa #$MediumAmountFn #$PrimitiveAttributeType) (#$arg1Genl #$MediumAmountFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$MediumAmountFn "#$MediumAmountFn is a Cyc function, in particular, an element of #$IndividualDenotingFunction. It is one of several functions used to denote so-called `generic' amounts of a variety of attributes. When ATT is a type of attribute, (#$MediumAmountFn ATT) returns an instance of ATT which is considered `a medium amount of' ATT in the current context. A medium amount of ATT is more than (#$VeryLowAmountFn ATT) but less than (#$HighAmountFn ATT).") ;;; #$MeetingSomeone (#$isa #$MeetingSomeone #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$MeetingSomeone #$SocialOccurrence) (#$comment #$MeetingSomeone "A collection of actions. In a #$MeetingSomeone event, one #$Agent is moving and meets (comes into close proximity with) another #$Agent. This may or may not be purposeful. It may be performed by non-human animals, and occasionally by other sorts of #$Agents. Note: this does not mean `being introduced to someone', but rather `going to meet with someone'.") ;;; #$MeetingTakingPlace (#$isa #$MeetingTakingPlace #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$MeetingTakingPlace #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$MeetingTakingPlace #$SocialGathering) (#$comment #$MeetingTakingPlace "The collection of human meeting events, in which #$Persons gather intentionally at a location in order to communicate or share some experience; business is often transacted at such a meeting. Examples include: a particular conference, a business lunch, etc.") ;;; #$MegaHertz (#$isa #$MegaHertz #$UnitOfFrequency) (#$isa #$MegaHertz #$UnitOfMeasureWithPrefix) (#$resultIsa #$MegaHertz #$Frequency) (#$resultIsa #$MegaHertz #$Rate) (#$resultIsa #$MegaHertz #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$MegaHertz #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$MegaHertz "The measurement function used in Cyc to represent the common unit of frequency. See also #$UnitOfFrequency, #$UnitOfMeasure.") ;;; #$Megabyte (#$isa #$Megabyte #$UnitOfMeasureWithPrefix) (#$resultIsa #$Megabyte #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$resultIsa #$Megabyte #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$Megabyte #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$Megabyte "The measurement function used in Cyc to represent a common unit of computer memory and disk capacity. The value of (#$Megabyte 1) equals approximately one million (8-bit) bytes. See also #$UnitOfMeasure.") ;;; #$Melting (#$isa #$Melting #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$Melting #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Melting #$MakingSomething) (#$genls #$Melting #$PhysicalStateChangeEvent) (#$comment #$Melting "A collection of events. In each instance of this collection, an object is heated to (and then above) its #$freezingPoint and is thereby changed from a #$SolidStateOfMatter to a #$LiquidStateOfMatter.") ;;; #$Memory (#$isa #$Memory #$StuffType) (#$genls #$Memory #$MentalInformation) (#$comment #$Memory "A collection of mental information. Each element of #$Memory is the propositional content of a mental state in which a person recalls past events. Most commonly those memories concern first-person experiences, but they may include recollections of anything that the person has learned in the past.") ;;; #$MensClothing (#$isa #$MensClothing #$ProductType) (#$isa #$MensClothing #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$MensClothing #$SheetOfSomeStuff) (#$genls #$MensClothing #$SomethingToWear) (#$comment #$MensClothing "A collection of objects. Each element of #$MensClothing is a clothing item worn usually by men, i.e., items normally found in the men's section of department stores. Subsets include #$Tuxedos and #$MensJockeyUnderwear.") ;;; #$MentalActivity (#$isa #$MentalActivity #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$MentalActivity #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$MentalActivity #$AnimalActivity) (#$genls #$MentalActivity #$MentalEvent) (#$comment #$MentalActivity "The collection of all actions which involve some mental activity on the part of at least one doer (see #$doneBy). Consciously carrying out some activity, solving a math problem, engaging in a conversation, are all examples of #$MentalActivity.") ;;; #$MentalAttribute (#$isa #$MentalAttribute #$AttributeType) (#$genls #$MentalAttribute #$AttributeValue) (#$comment #$MentalAttribute "A collection of attributes. Each element of #$MentalAttribute is an attribute which pertains to an agent's mental state or mental ability. Examples: #$HighIntelligence, #$LegallyDrunk, #$VisualAwareness, #$InattentiveMentalActivityLevel.") ;;; #$MentalEvent (#$isa #$MentalEvent #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$MentalEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$MentalEvent #$Event) (#$comment #$MentalEvent "A collection of events. Each event belonging to #$MentalEvent has some actor whose mental functions are involved (see #$actors). Mental events include such things as theorizing about something, dreaming, perceiving, sensing, having a realization, designing something, making a decision, and consciously carrying out a task. Some of those examples are actions as well as events (see #$doneBy). For mental events that are also instances of #$Action, see the subset #$MentalActivity.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$MentalEvent #$SENSUS-Information1997 "MENTAL-PROCESS") ;;; #$MentalInformation (#$isa #$MentalInformation #$StuffType) (#$genls #$MentalInformation #$AbstractInformation) (#$genls #$MentalInformation #$MentalObject) (#$genls #$MentalInformation #$PropositionalInformationThing) (#$comment #$MentalInformation "A collection of information. Each element of #$MentalInformation is the propositional content of a specific mental state of an individual person. Thus, this is information which is embodied in a person having a memory or sensory perception or other type of thought. Note that elements of #$MentalInformation are the propositional content of memories, perceptions, judgments, etc. For example, when I remember that my grandmother's eyes are blue, the mental information contained therein is `my [the rememberer's] grandmother's eyes are blue'; it is NOT `I remember that my grandmother's eyes are blue'. As a consequence, mental information (as defined in Cyc) is not incorrigible.") ;;; #$MentalObject (#$isa #$MentalObject #$StuffType) (#$isa #$MentalObject #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$MentalObject #$IntangibleIndividual) (#$comment #$MentalObject "Each element of #$MentalObject is an intangible object intimately connected in some fashion with mental activity. This includes objects such as thoughts, emotions, knowledge; events such as thinking and reasoning; and intangible time-like objects such as mental-processing-time and cpu-time.") ;;; #$MetaAssertionsForPolyCanonicalizingAssertions (#$isa #$MetaAssertionsForPolyCanonicalizingAssertions #$SharedNote) (#$comment #$MetaAssertionsForPolyCanonicalizingAssertions "If one wishes to state a fact M about an assertion A, i.e. if one wishes to assert the meta-assertion M(A) and if A canonicalizes into multiple assertions, a_1, a_2...a_n,then one must do a non-standard procedure. Due to the way the canonicalizer currently (Nov 96) handles meta-assertions, rather than simply asserting M(A), one must distribute the meta-assertion over the results of canonicalization. That is one must assert M(a_1), M(a_2)...M(a_n). Consider the following example: Suppose one wanted to assert `if a movement occurs then there is a friction #$subEvents, unless the movement is frictionless.' The way one asserts this is by first asserting the fact without the `unless', i.e. (ke-assert '(#$implies (#$isa ?MOV #$MovementEvent) (#$thereExists ?FRIC (#$and (#$isa ?FRIC #$FrictionProcess) (#$subEvents ?MOV ?FRIC)))) #$BaseKB) Because there is an #$and with two literals on the right hand side of this rule it canonicalizes into two assertions which then become part of the KB. One must next find these assertions as they appear in the KB: (#$implies (#$and (#$isa ?MOV #$MovementEvent) (#$termOfUnit ?FRIC-EVENT146 (#$SKF-29707602 ?MOV))) (#$isa ?FRIC-EVENT146 #$FrictionProcess)) (#$implies (#$and (#$isa ?MOV #$MovementEvent) (#$termOfUnit ?FRIC-EVENT146 (#$SKF-29707602 ?MOV))) (#$subEvents ?MOV ?FRIC-EVENT146)). Now using these one may state the `unless' part of the rule: (ke-assert '(#$exceptWhen (#$isa ?MOV #$FrictionlessMotion) (#$implies (#$and (#$isa ?MOV #$MovementEvent) (#$termOfUnit ?FRIC-EVENT146 (#$SKF-29707602 ?MOV))) (#$isa ?FRIC-EVENT146 #$FrictionProcess))) #$BaseKB) (ke-assert '(#$exceptWhen (#$isa ?MOV #$FrictionlessMotion) (#$implies (#$and (#$isa ?MOV #$MovementEvent) (#$termOfUnit ?FRIC-EVENT146 (#$SKF-29707602 ?MOV))) (#$subEvents ?MOV ?FRIC-EVENT146))) #$BaseKB). This #$SharedNote is true about any #$Relationship which has #$Assertion as an argument type.") ;;; #$MetaKnowledgePredicate (#$isa #$MetaKnowledgePredicate #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$MetaKnowledgePredicate #$ModalRelationship) (#$genls #$MetaKnowledgePredicate #$Predicate) (#$comment #$MetaKnowledgePredicate "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$MetaKnowledgePredicate is a predicate used in assertions about the Cyc ontology itself. Examples: #$myCreator, #$cyclistNotes, #$sharedNotes, #$salientAssertions, #$axiomConclusionActionType.") ;;; #$MetaPredicate (#$isa #$MetaPredicate #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$MetaPredicate #$MetaRelation) (#$comment #$MetaPredicate "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$MetaPredicate can be used to define other predicates.") ;;; #$MetaRelation (#$isa #$MetaRelation #$RelationType) (#$genls #$MetaRelation #$Relationship) (#$comment #$MetaRelation "A collection of relations. Each element of #$MetaRelation can be used to define other relations.") ;;; #$Metal (#$isa #$Metal #$TangibleStuffCompositionType) (#$genls #$Metal #$InanimateThing) (#$genls #$Metal #$TangibleThing) (#$comment #$Metal "A collection of tangible stuffs. Every instance of #$Metal is a piece of stuff defined as a metal only by its chemical composition, not by its physical properties. Thus, #$Metal includes all instances of #$Mercury and #$Potassium as well as all pieces of #$Brass, #$Lead, #$Iron. Cyc infers only by default that metals are solid. #$MetalAlloy is a subset of #$Metal.") ;;; #$MetalAlloy (#$isa #$MetalAlloy #$TangibleStuffCompositionType) (#$genls #$MetalAlloy #$Mixture) (#$genls #$MetalAlloy #$ArtificialMaterial) (#$genls #$MetalAlloy #$Metal) (#$comment #$MetalAlloy "A collection of tangible stuffs; a subset of #$Metal. Each instance of #$MetalAlloy is a metallic stuff which is a homogeneous blend of at least one part of #$UnalloyedMetal with at least one other substance. #$MetalAlloy is not a subset of #$Mixture, because each instance of #$MetalAlloy is defined not only by the amounts and kinds of its #$constituents, but also (unlike a mixture) by the internal structures formed during its creation. Furthermore, the creation process is typically more complex than #$Mixing. Common metal alloys include the instances of #$Bronze, #$Brass, and #$Steel. Note that #$GalvanizedMetal is NOT a subset of #$MetalAlloy, because every instance of #$GalvanizedMetal has a coating of some #$Zinc on its surface, and thus (unlike an alloy) the components of galvanized metals are not homogenously distributed throughout.") ;;; #$Meter (#$isa #$Meter #$UnitOfDistance) (#$isa #$Meter #$StandardUnitOfMeasure) (#$isa #$Meter #$MKSUnitOfMeasure) (#$isa #$Meter #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$resultIsa #$Meter #$Distance) (#$resultIsa #$Meter #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$Meter #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$Meter "The measurement function used in Cyc to represent the basic unit of measure in the metric system. The meter is also the basic unit of measure for length in CYC. See also #$MKSUnitOfMeasure, #$UnitOfMeasure.") ;;; #$MetersPerSecond (#$isa #$MetersPerSecond #$UnitOfSpeed) (#$isa #$MetersPerSecond #$StandardUnitOfMeasure) (#$isa #$MetersPerSecond #$MKSUnitOfMeasure) (#$isa #$MetersPerSecond #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$resultIsa #$MetersPerSecond #$ScalarInterval) (#$resultIsa #$MetersPerSecond #$Speed) (#$resultIsa #$MetersPerSecond #$VectorInterval) (#$argsIsa #$MetersPerSecond #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$MetersPerSecond "(#$MetersPerSecond NUMBER) returns a dimensionless rate or speed of NUMBER meters per second. Notice that this result is not presently thought of as incorporating a vector, although it might be modified to do so at some point in the future if this should prove appropriate.") ;;; #$MetersPerSecondPerSecond (#$isa #$MetersPerSecondPerSecond #$StandardUnitOfMeasure) (#$isa #$MetersPerSecondPerSecond #$MKSUnitOfMeasure) (#$isa #$MetersPerSecondPerSecond #$UnitOfAcceleration) (#$isa #$MetersPerSecondPerSecond #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$resultIsa #$MetersPerSecondPerSecond #$Acceleration) (#$resultIsa #$MetersPerSecondPerSecond #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$MetersPerSecondPerSecond #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$MetersPerSecondPerSecond "The basic measure of acceleration") ;;; #$MicroscopicScaleObject (#$isa #$MicroscopicScaleObject #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$MicroscopicScaleObject #$TangibleThing) (#$comment #$MicroscopicScaleObject "A collection of objects. Every instance of #$MicroscopicScaleObject is a material object which is so small that human beings cannot perceive it, except (perhaps) with the use of special devices such as electron microscopes. Some types of #$MicroscopicScaleObject include its subsets #$Molecule, #$Atom, #$SubAtomicParticle, #$Chloroplast, and #$Mitochondrion.") ;;; #$Microtheory (#$isa #$Microtheory #$Collection) (#$isa #$Microtheory #$MicrotheoryType) (#$genls #$Microtheory #$AbstractInformation) (#$genls #$Microtheory #$IntangibleIndividual) (#$comment #$Microtheory "The collection of all microtheories, or `mts' for short. Microtheories implement contexts in Cyc. Each mt serves to group a set of assertions together that share some common assumptions. Thus each mt can be thought of as having two parts: a corpus of assertions that represent the `content' of the mt, and a separate corpus of assertions that represent the `assumptions' which are being made. E.g., in a normal modern everyday life microtheory, there might be hundreds of content assertions such as `drivers are at least 16 years old', and there might be dozens of assumption assertions about that microtheory's content, such as `all actors are assumed to be law-abiding'. You can think of the assumptions as a set of extra conjuncts on the left hand side (the antecedent or `if'-part) of every content assertion in the mt. Each assertion in the knowledge base must be explicitly stated to be true in at least one mt. It will then (by inference) also be true in all the more specialized contexts. If something is true in the `life in North America' mt, then it should by default be true in the `life in Canada' mt. I.e., the microtheories are organized into a generalization/specialization lattice by the predicate #$genlMt (q.v.), just as collections are organized into such a lattice by #$genls, and just as predicates are organized into such a lattice by #$genlPreds. Just as a collection may have several incommensurable supersets, so too a microtheory may have several incommensurable #$genlMts. Just as each and every collection must have some explicitly recorded superset (except for #$Thing), each and every mt must have some (expicitly recorded) more general mt (except for the #$BaseKB, which is the most general context, containing universal, timeless truths). Just as a Cyc concept may have multiple incommensurable sets of which it is an element (via #$isa), so too a Cyc assertion may be declared to be true in a set of incommensurable mts. Every query is made in some mt, so the answer you get might very well depend on the mt in which you ask the question. Let's call the current context C1, for the remainder of this paragraph. The only assertions which can be used in C1 to answer the query are those assertions which were explicitly stated to be true in C1 or in some more general mt than C1. But what if you want and need something like assertion P, to answer the question, but P doesn't fit that criterion, though P is true in some other mts that are unrelated to C1? You can `import' or `lift' P into C1, by conjoining to its left hand side (if-part) the various assumptions of a context C999 in which P is known to be true. I.e., what you actually conclude to be true in C1 is an assertion of the form `if a1 and a2 and... then P', where a1, a2,... are the assumptions of a context in which P holds (but which are NOT implied by assumptions of C1). When there are several contexts to choose from, from which to import P, you will usually prefer the context whose assumptions are most similar to C1's assumptions, so there will be few extra conjuncts that need to be inserted in the `lifting' process. There is an implicit third component to each #$Microtheory, namely the Cyc terms which are `known about' in that mt. E.g., #$Lenat is not `known about' in a microtheory set in prehistoric times; #$PhotochemicalEnergyTransduction is not `known about' in a microtheory representing things that a toddler believes to be true; etc. Unlike the content and the assumptions, however, there is no need to explicitly collect into one list all the terms which are `known about'. Rather, one could compute such a list by looking at all the terms which are mentioned anywhere in the content assertions of the mt. Note that #$Microtheory is itself a `first-class object', as is each and every element of that collection --- e.g., #$CommercialBuyingMt, #$WorldGeographyMt, #$USHealthcareMt, #$HumanSocialLifeMt, etc. The assertions about a #$Microtheory are just like any other Cyc assertions. Note that one important predicate we haven't mentioned here yet is the one that says `assertion P is true in microtheory M'. That predicate is #$ist. Thus: (#$ist M P). Note that another important predicate we haven't mentioned here yet is the one that says `microtheory M has the proposition P as a domain assumption'. Thus: (#$domainAssumptions M P).") ;;; #$MicrotheoryPredicate (#$isa #$MicrotheoryPredicate #$RelationType) (#$genls #$MicrotheoryPredicate #$Predicate) (#$comment #$MicrotheoryPredicate "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$MicrotheoryPredicate is a predicate used to describe the properties and relationships of instances of #$Microtheory. Examples: #$domainAssumptions, #$mtTime, #$genlMt, #$adheresToCodeOfConduct, #$ist-Agreement, #$ist-Obligation.") ;;; #$MicrotheoryType (#$isa #$MicrotheoryType #$Collection) (#$genls #$MicrotheoryType #$Collection) (#$comment #$MicrotheoryType "A collection of collections. Each instance of #$MicrotheoryType is a type of #$Microtheory, for example, #$ProblemSolvingCntxt and #$GeneralMicrotheory.") ;;; #$Microwaved (#$isa #$Microwaved #$PreparationAttribute) (#$genlAttributes #$Microwaved #$Cooked) (#$comment #$Microwaved "The attribute #$Microwaved is a specialized form of #$Cooked. Food that is #$Microwaved has been prepared in an event of #$Microwaving, using a #$MicrowaveOven.") ;;; #$Microwaving (#$isa #$Microwaving #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$isa #$Microwaving #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Microwaving #$CookingFood) (#$comment #$Microwaving "A collection of events in which a #$MicrowaveOven is used to heat food (or drink). After a #$Microwaving event, the food involved has been #$Microwaved.") ;;; #$Midday (#$isa #$Midday #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Midday #$QualitativeTimeOfDay) (#$comment #$Midday "A #$Midday is the daily event where the #$Sun is near its `highest' position in the daily cycle. A #$Midday overlaps the start of an #$Afternoon, and a #$Morning overlaps the start of a #$Midday.") ;;; #$MigratoryAnimal (#$isa #$MigratoryAnimal #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$MigratoryAnimal #$Animal) (#$comment #$MigratoryAnimal "A subset of #$Animal; the collection of animals that change their dwelling place on a periodic, typically seasonal basis. Such behavior is usually characteristic of particular types of #$BiologicalSpecies.") ;;; #$MilesPerHour (#$isa #$MilesPerHour #$UnitOfSpeed) (#$isa #$MilesPerHour #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$resultIsa #$MilesPerHour #$ScalarInterval) (#$resultIsa #$MilesPerHour #$Speed) (#$resultIsa #$MilesPerHour #$VectorInterval) (#$argsIsa #$MilesPerHour #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$MilesPerHour "A unit of speed") ;;; #$MilitaryAircraft (#$isa #$MilitaryAircraft #$ProductType) (#$isa #$MilitaryAircraft #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$MilitaryAircraft #$SolidTangibleProduct) (#$genls #$MilitaryAircraft #$AirTransportationDevice) (#$comment #$MilitaryAircraft "The collection of all aircraft used for military purposes, or equipped to be used for such purposes.") ;;; #$MilitaryOfficer (#$isa #$MilitaryOfficer #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$MilitaryOfficer #$Leader) (#$genls #$MilitaryOfficer #$MilitaryPerson) (#$comment #$MilitaryOfficer "A collection of people, a subset of #$MilitaryPerson. Each element of this collection is somebody who is an officer in some #$MilitaryOrganization, e.g., an element of #$Admiral or #$Lieutenant.") ;;; #$MilitaryOrganization (#$isa #$MilitaryOrganization #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$MilitaryOrganization #$Organization) (#$comment #$MilitaryOrganization "A collection of organizations. An element of #$MilitaryOrganization is an organization whose function (and expertise) is the use of armed force, or the threat of such use, against enemies, especially other organized, armed enemies. A military organization includes its fighting forces and their command structure, together with dedicated support services controlled by that military command. Typically, there are special conditions in the relationships between a #$MilitaryOrganization and its workers, going beyond what is expected of work agreements in civilian settings, including strict sanctions to enforce obedience. This collection includes #$GovernmentMilitaryOrganizations such as the armies, navies, air forces, etc., of the world's governments, and in addition private armies, rebel armies, and organized mercenary units.") ;;; #$MilitaryPerson (#$isa #$MilitaryPerson #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$MilitaryPerson #$Professional) (#$comment #$MilitaryPerson "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$MilitaryPerson is a person who works for some #$MilitaryOrganization, usually holding some #$MilitaryTitle or rank. Subsets include #$MilitaryOfficer and #$EnlistedPerson.") ;;; #$Mineral (#$isa #$Mineral #$ExistingStuffType) (#$genls #$Mineral #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$genls #$Mineral #$NaturalTangibleStuff) (#$genls #$Mineral #$InorganicStuff) (#$comment #$Mineral "A collection of tangible things. Each element of #$Mineral is a piece of homogeneous inorganic physical substance that has a crystalline structure. For example, instances of #$Diamond, #$Turquoise-Gem, #$Jade-Gem, #$Corundum.") ;;; #$MineralOre (#$isa #$MineralOre #$TangibleStuffCompositionType) (#$genls #$MineralOre #$EarthStuff) (#$comment #$MineralOre "A collection of tangible things; a subset of #$EarthStuff. Each element of #$MineralOre is a piece of substance from which some useful #$Mineral can be extracted. For example, elements of #$IronOre, #$BauxiteOre, and #$Copper-Ore.") ;;; #$MinusFn (#$isa #$MinusFn #$FunctionFromQuantitiesToQuantities) (#$resultIsa #$MinusFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$arg1Isa #$MinusFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$MinusFn "#$MinusFn is the unary mathematical function that changes the sign of the number taken as its argument; e.g., (#$MinusFn 2) returns -2, and (#$MinusFn -2) returns 2.") ;;; #$Minute-UnitOfAngularMeasure (#$isa #$Minute-UnitOfAngularMeasure #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$isa #$Minute-UnitOfAngularMeasure #$UnitOfAngularDistance) (#$resultIsa #$Minute-UnitOfAngularMeasure #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$resultIsa #$Minute-UnitOfAngularMeasure #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$Minute-UnitOfAngularMeasure #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$Minute-UnitOfAngularMeasure "A unit to measure the size of angles, in the Imperial system of measurement. 60 minutes = 1 degree (#$Degree-UnitOfAngularMeasure)") ;;; #$MinuteFn (#$isa #$MinuteFn #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$isa #$MinuteFn #$NonPredicateFunction) (#$resultIsa #$MinuteFn #$CalendarMinute) (#$arg1Isa #$MinuteFn #$NonNegativeInteger) (#$arg2Isa #$MinuteFn #$CalendarHour) (#$comment #$MinuteFn "(#$MinuteFn ?M ?H) denotes a #$CalendarMinute -- in particular, minute number ?M of hour ?H. For example, (#$MinuteFn 12 (#$HourFn 18 (#$DayFn 14 (#$MonthFn #$February (#$YearFn 1966))))) denotes 6:12pm Feb. 14th, 1966") ;;; #$MinutesDuration (#$isa #$MinutesDuration #$UnitOfTime) (#$isa #$MinutesDuration #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$isa #$MinutesDuration #$UnitOfMeasure) (#$resultIsa #$MinutesDuration #$ScalarInterval) (#$resultIsa #$MinutesDuration #$Time-Quantity) (#$argsIsa #$MinutesDuration #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$MinutesDuration "#$MinutesDuration is a function that takes one or two numbers and returns, as its value, some amount of #$Time. An expression of the form (#$MinutesDuration ?min ?max) denotes a quantity of #$Time that is at least ?min minutes and at most ?max minutes. An expression of the form (#$MinutesDuration ?num) denotes a quantity of #$Time that is exactly ?num minutes.") ;;; #$Misty-PhysicalState (#$isa #$Misty-PhysicalState #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute) (#$comment #$Misty-PhysicalState "A physical attribute. #$Misty-PhysicalState is the #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute that characterizes mist; i.e., being a mixture of a gaseous substance with suspended particles of liquid.") ;;; #$Mixing (#$isa #$Mixing #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$Mixing #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Mixing #$CreationEvent) (#$genls #$Mixing #$HandlingAnObject) (#$comment #$Mixing "A collection of events. In each #$Mixing, two or more substances are combined to form a #$Mixture.") ;;; #$Mixture (#$isa #$Mixture #$ExistingStuffType) (#$genls #$Mixture #$TangibleThing) (#$comment #$Mixture "A collection of tangible stuffs. Every instance of #$Mixture is a tangible stuff composed of two or more different #$constituents which have been mixed. The stuffs which were inputs to the mixing do not form chemical bonds between them, and at a later time the mixture may be resolved by some #$SeparationEvent. Examples include all elements of the collections #$Blood, #$Mud, #$Air, and #$CarbonatedBeverage. A mixture has a composition but not a structure; thus, the following are NOT mixtures, since all have some structure: a wet sponge, a person, or a portion of plywood. Note: By default, mixtures are assumed to be stable, i.e., they won't separate on their own. Use #$separatingConstituent to override this default for a constituent that does separate out spontaneously (e.g. a #$CarbonatedBeverage going flat).") ;;; #$Mob (#$isa #$Mob #$StuffType) (#$genls #$Mob #$Group) (#$comment #$Mob "A collection of objects; a subset of #$Group. Each element of #$Mob is a group that contains a large number of objects or events of the same type. Mobs typically have too many members to enumerate or reify; one rarely refers to particular mob members, or at most refers to relatively few of them. Examples: the #$Andes-Mountains is a mob of mountains; each element of #$Galaxy is a mob of stars; a cup of sand is a mob of grains of sand; and making popcorn involves a mob of corn kernel bursting events.") ;;; #$MobFn (#$isa #$MobFn #$CollectionDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$MobFn #$Collection) (#$resultGenl #$MobFn #$Mob) (#$arg1Isa #$MobFn #$ObjectType) (#$comment #$MobFn "#$MobFn is a Cyc #$CollectionDenotingFunction. #$MobFn is used for referring to specializations of #$Mob; esp. note that applications of #$MobFn produce COLLECTIONS (of mobs), not individual mobs. #$MobFn takes any element of #$ObjectType as its argument and returns a subset of #$Mob, namely the collection containing those mobs whose #$groupMembers are elements of that #$ObjectType. (#$MobFn OBJ-TYPE) denotes the collection of all mobs whose members belong to (#$isa) OBJ-TYPE. For example, a clump of hair on my head is an element of (#$MobFn #$Hair-Strand). The collection #$Galaxy is a subset of (#$MobFn #$Star). And the collection #$Applauding (i.e., all applause events) could be referred to as (#$MobFn `HandClappingEvent').") ;;; #$Modal (#$isa #$Modal #$LinguisticObjectType) (#$genls #$Modal #$Verb) (#$comment #$Modal "The collection of all modal auxiliary verbs. Modals have only tensed forms, do not inflect for person and number, and can take contracted negation. Example: `should'.") ;;; #$ModalRelationship (#$isa #$ModalRelationship #$RelationType) (#$genls #$ModalRelationship #$Relationship) (#$comment #$ModalRelationship "A collection of predicates and functions. Each element of #$ModalRelationship is a predicate or function wherein substituting equals for equals may not preserve truth. For example, `believes': even though Jack's age is equal to 29, we can't substitute `29' for `Jack's age' in the sentence `Fred believes that Jack's age is 31', because Fred surely does NOT believe that 29 is 31. Thus, `believes' is a modal relationship. So are meta-predicates such as #$myCreator: e.g., suppose that Doug Lenat added the term FirstUSPresident to the Cyc ontology, and Cyc later is told that that person was George Washington, who in turn is represented by the term #$GeorgeWashington, which term was NOT entered by Doug but by Karen Pittman; it would be incorrect to substitute equals for equals [that is, to substitute #$GeorgeWashington for FirstUSPresident] in the assertion (#$myCreator FirstUSPresident #$Lenat) and conclude (#$myCreator #$GeorgeWashington #$Lenat), since Doug did not enter the latter term into Cyc's ontology. Thus, meta-predicates such as #$myCreator are also modal relationships. The same applies to functions; e.g., if we had a function such as MyCreatorFn, then (MyCreatorFn FirstUSPresident) would not have the same value as (MyCreatorFn #$GeorgeWashington).") ;;; #$ModeratelyAlert (#$isa #$ModeratelyAlert #$Alertness) (#$genlAttributes #$ModeratelyAlert #$Awake) (#$comment #$ModeratelyAlert "#$ModeratelyAlert is an #$Alertness attribute which is a specialization of #$Awake. It is the normal state of an #$Animal which is awake but paying particular attention to its environment. It is a higher #$alertnessLevel than #$Sleepy, but lower than #$VeryAlert.") ;;; #$ModernHumanResidence (#$isa #$ModernHumanResidence #$ProductType) (#$isa #$ModernHumanResidence #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ModernHumanResidence #$HumanResidence) (#$genls #$ModernHumanResidence #$ModernShelterConstruction) (#$comment #$ModernHumanResidence "A collection of objects; a subset of both #$HumanResidence and #$ModernShelterConstruction. Each element of #$ModernHumanResidence is a humanly constructed shelter of a modern type, in which people live. Such residences are the typical dwellings in the developed world of the late 20th century and may be found in the more affluent regions of the developing world. Examples include houses in suburban `developments', modern apartment buildings, `modular' homes, etc.") ;;; #$ModernNavalShip (#$isa #$ModernNavalShip #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ModernNavalShip #$Weapon) (#$genls #$ModernNavalShip #$Ship) (#$comment #$ModernNavalShip "The collection of all #$Ships that have been used since the Nineteenth Century primarily for naval purposes, including military attack and defense, reconnaisance, support, rescue, coastal monitoring, etc. Such a ship is naval in this sense even if it is not operated by a #$Navy. Most ModernNavalShips are specifically constructed for naval purposes.") ;;; #$ModernShelterConstruction (#$isa #$ModernShelterConstruction #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ModernShelterConstruction #$Building) (#$comment #$ModernShelterConstruction "A collection of construction artifacts; a subset of #$Building (q.v.). An instance of #$ModernShelterConstruction is a building that provides comfortable shelter for humans during some of their daily activities. Elements of #$ModernShelterConstruction have the kinds of features found in modern-day buildings in Europe, the USA, and other technologically developed parts of the world, namely, amenities like doors, plumbing, electricity, and probably some kind of climate control system for maintaining humanly comfortable conditions #$Indoors. Examples include the #$NewYorkHiltonAtBroadway, the #$SydneyOperaHouse, and instances of the collection #$ModernHumanResidence (e.g., a newly built home in a suburban development or a renovated brownstone in NYC).") ;;; #$MolecularStuff (#$isa #$MolecularStuff #$TangibleStuffCompositionType) (#$genls #$MolecularStuff #$TangibleThing) (#$comment #$MolecularStuff "A collection of tangible stuff. Every instance of #$MolecularStuff is a portion of stuff composed of covalently-bonded molecules. Thus, #$Water and #$DNA are subsets of #$MolecularStuff; each of their instances consists of covalently bonded molecules. But instances of #$Salt-NaCl are not examples of #$MolecularStuff. Also, #$Oxygen is not a subset of #$MolecularStuff, since #$Oxygen denotes anything composed of that element, not just O2 (molecular oxygen) and O3 (ozone). ") ;;; #$Molecule (#$isa #$Molecule #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Molecule #$ChemicalObject) (#$comment #$Molecule "A collection of microscopic-scale objects; a subset of #$ChemicalObject. Every instance of #$Molecule is a microscopic object whose component atoms are all chemically bonded to each other; typically, this means that the atoms are covalently bonded. Examples: some instances of #$Molecule, including molecules of oxygen (O2), ozone (O3), water (H2O), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), etc., contain covalently bonded atoms belonging to the collection #$Oxygen. Some highly complex examples of #$Molecule are those belonging to the collection #$DNA. See also #$MoleculeFn. Note: #$Diamond and other macroscopic covalent solids are excluded from belonging to #$Molecule by the constraint that instances of #$Molecule are microscopic.") ;;; #$MoleculeFn (#$isa #$MoleculeFn #$CollectionDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$MoleculeFn #$ExistingObjectType) (#$resultGenl #$MoleculeFn #$Molecule) (#$arg1Isa #$MoleculeFn #$ChemicalCompoundType) (#$arg1Genl #$MoleculeFn #$MolecularStuff) (#$comment #$MoleculeFn "#$MoleculeFn is a Cyc function, specifically a #$CollectionDenotingFunction. It takes an instance of #$ChemicalCompoundType as its sole argument and returns the set of all molecules of that compound. (#$MoleculeFn X) denotes the collection of all #$Molecules of #$MolecularStuff X. For example, (#$MoleculeFn #$Water) is the collection of all water molecules.") ;;; #$MoneraKingdom (#$isa #$MoneraKingdom #$BiologicalKingdom) (#$comment #$MoneraKingdom "A biological kingdom including bacteria, blue green algae, and prochlorophytes (recently discovered). All members are prokaryotes - their cells lack a nuclear membrane and other internal organelles.") ;;; #$MonetaryExchangeOfUserRights (#$isa #$MonetaryExchangeOfUserRights #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$MonetaryExchangeOfUserRights #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$MonetaryExchangeOfUserRights #$ExchangeOfUserRights) (#$genls #$MonetaryExchangeOfUserRights #$MoneyTransaction) (#$comment #$MonetaryExchangeOfUserRights "The collection of events in which two #$Agents (#$exchangers) perform two #$TransferringPossessions with each other, one of which is a #$MoneyTransfer. The #$buyer gains possession (i.e., some #$UserRightsAttribute) of the #$objectPaidFor from the #$seller, who gains possession of the #$objectTendered. Note that #$Renting, as well as #$Buying, is a #$MonetaryExchangeOfUserRights") ;;; #$MonetaryFlowRate (#$isa #$MonetaryFlowRate #$DerivedNumericAttributeType) (#$genls #$MonetaryFlowRate #$Rate) (#$genls #$MonetaryFlowRate #$MoneyRate) (#$genls #$MonetaryFlowRate #$AttributeValue) (#$genls #$MonetaryFlowRate #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$MonetaryFlowRate "A collection of rates; a subset of #$ScalarInterval. Each element of #$MonetaryFlowRate is a rate at which money is earned, spent, transferred, lost, invested, etc. It is a measurable quantity, expressed as a rate of units of money per unit of time, such as #$DollarsPerHour (see #$UnitOfMonetaryFlowRate). #$MonetaryFlowRate includes generic intervals, such as those which describe (in a particular context) #$HighIncomeLevel, #$LowIncomeLevel, etc.") ;;; #$Money (#$isa #$Money #$FundamentalNumericAttributeType) (#$genls #$Money #$ScalarInterval) (#$genls #$Money #$AttributeValue) (#$comment #$Money "The collection of amounts of currency or debt, of which payments, wealth, capital, assets, etc., consist. An instance of #$Money may be considered as either (1) an amount of actual, valuable tangible goods (such as gold) or (2) an abstract quantity. That is, from one perspective, elements of #$Money represent the amount of a debt (or credit), while from another perspective, they represent what is actually transferred to create or discharge a debt. Typically, money is created by national governments; either (a) money is a backed claim for a certain amount of precious physical wealth payable by the government on demand (e.g., the gold standard), or (b) money is a legally enforced means of debt payment without any backing. Elements of #$Money in Cyc may be either a fixed amount, such as a U.S. five-dollar bill, or a range, such as `the price of a 1997 Mazda Protege'. See #$UnitOfMoney for the units used by Cyc to measure instances of #$Money. Note: The tangible coins, bills, checks, etc., that represent certain amounts of #$Money (but which as physical objects may have little value) are elements of #$TenderObject, not of #$Money. Elements of #$TenderObject which also belong to #$Currency are typically associated with some instance of #$UnitOfMoney (e.g., #$Dollar-UnitedStates) and have a fixed value.") ;;; #$MoneyRate (#$isa #$MoneyRate #$DerivedNumericAttributeType) (#$genls #$MoneyRate #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$MoneyRate "A collection of rates; a subset of #$ScalarInterval. Each element of #$MoneyRate is a measurement applied to something that is measured by money-per-amount; e.g., $1.14 per gallon, $10,000 per acre, $250 per week, $0.89 per pound. Important subsets of #$MoneyRate include: #$MoneyPerVolumeRate, #$MoneyPerAreaRate, #$MoneyPerMassRate, #$MonetaryFlowRate. The units for #$MoneyRate measures are terms such as #$DollarsPerSquareFoot, #$DollarsPerHour, Yen per kilo, etc.") ;;; #$MoneyTenderType (#$isa #$MoneyTenderType #$Collection) (#$genls #$MoneyTenderType #$ExistingObjectType) (#$comment #$MoneyTenderType "A collection of collections. Each element of #$MoneyTenderType is a collection of objects of a type commonly offered in payment for goods, services, fees, wage-work, etc. Examples include #$Currency, #$CreditCard, #$TravellersCheck, #$MoneyOrder, #$PostageStamp, #$Check-TenderObject, etc.") ;;; #$MoneyTransaction (#$isa #$MoneyTransaction #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$MoneyTransaction #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$MoneyTransaction #$MoneyTransfer) (#$genls #$MoneyTransaction #$CommercialActivity) (#$genls #$MoneyTransaction #$TransferringPossession) (#$genls #$MoneyTransaction #$Transaction) (#$comment #$MoneyTransaction "A collection of events. Each element of #$MoneyTransaction is an event in which a transfer of money occurs. Thus, buying something, investing, making a donation, executing a bequest and exchanging currency, are all examples of #$MoneyTransaction events.") ;;; #$MoneyTransfer (#$isa #$MoneyTransfer #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$MoneyTransfer #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$MoneyTransfer #$PurposefulAction) (#$genls #$MoneyTransfer #$GeneralizedTransfer) (#$genls #$MoneyTransfer #$TransferringPossession) (#$comment #$MoneyTransfer "The most generic collection of events in which #$Money changes hands. Thus, in an instance of #$MoneyTransfer, there is some way in which money transfers possession -- though `ownership' of the funds may or may not be transferred from and/or to the agents involved. E.g., an ATM withdrawal from the user's own account, a utility payment made at one's local grocery store, buying a newspaper, getting change for a dollar from a cashier, are all examples of #$MoneyTransfer events. Compare this collection with its subset #$MoneyTransaction; in money #$Transactions, which are also elements of #$CommercialActivity, not only is there a transfer of money, but it is done as part of an agreement (explicit or implicit) between the two participating agents that one will do something for the other -- something more than bookkeeping -- contingent upon the transfer of funds.") ;;; #$MonthFn (#$isa #$MonthFn #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$isa #$MonthFn #$NonPredicateFunction) (#$resultIsa #$MonthFn #$CalendarMonth) (#$arg1Isa #$MonthFn #$ConventionalClassificationType) (#$arg1Isa #$MonthFn #$AnnualEventType) (#$arg1Isa #$MonthFn #$TemporallyDisjointIntervalType) (#$arg1Isa #$MonthFn #$MonthOfYearType) (#$arg1Genl #$MonthFn #$CalendarMonth) (#$arg2Isa #$MonthFn #$CalendarYear) (#$comment #$MonthFn "(#$MonthFn ?M ?YR) denotes a #$CalendarMonth -- in particular, the month of type ?M during ?YR. For example, (#$MonthFn #$February (#$YearFn 1966)) denotes Feb. of 1966. Note that #$MonthFn -- unlike #$DayFn, #$HourFn, etc. -- does NOT take a number as its first argument.") ;;; #$MonthOfYearType (#$isa #$MonthOfYearType #$SiblingDisjointCollection) (#$genls #$MonthOfYearType #$Collection) ;;; #$MonthsDuration (#$isa #$MonthsDuration #$UnitOfTime) (#$isa #$MonthsDuration #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$isa #$MonthsDuration #$UnitOfMeasure) (#$resultIsa #$MonthsDuration #$ScalarInterval) (#$resultIsa #$MonthsDuration #$Time-Quantity) (#$argsIsa #$MonthsDuration #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$MonthsDuration "This is a function that takes one or two numbers and returns, as its value, some amount of #$Time. An expression of the form (#$MonthsDuration ?min ?max) denotes a quantity of #$Time that is at least ?min months and at most ?max months. (#$MonthsDuration ?num) denotes a quantity of #$Time that is exactly ?num months.") ;;; #$Morning (#$isa #$Morning #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Morning #$QualitativeTimeOfDay) (#$comment #$Morning "A #$Morning is an #$Event where the #$Sun apparently `rises' and `moves' to its `highest' position in the daily cycle, i.e. from a #$Sunrise to the ensuing noon (the latter of which is the #$startingPoint of a #$TimeOfDay-NoonHour) Each ?M which #$isa #$Morning is #$contiguousAfter an #$Overnight, and an #$Afternoon is #$contiguousAfter ?M; and ?M overlaps the start of a #$Midday.") ;;; #$Motorboat (#$isa #$Motorboat #$ProductType) (#$isa #$Motorboat #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Motorboat #$TransportationDevice-Vehicle) (#$genls #$Motorboat #$Boat-WaterTransportationDevice) (#$comment #$Motorboat "The collection of all boats usually powered by motors (including in-board and out-board motors). If a boat is primarily a #$Sailboat, but has a back-up motor to use when becalmed or piloting, that is not enough to make it a Motorboat. To be more precise, this collection is the intersection of #$Boat-WaterTransportationDevice, #$InternalCombustionPoweredDevice and #$TransportationDevice-Vehicle.") ;;; #$Motorcycle (#$isa #$Motorcycle #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Motorcycle #$TransportationDevice-Vehicle) (#$genls #$Motorcycle #$LandTransportationDevice) (#$comment #$Motorcycle "The collection of all motorcycles, two-wheeled motorized personal transport devices. A motorcycle lacks a cab or compartment to protect the driver from wind and weather. Since motorcycles are used both on and off road, this is not a spec of #$RoadVehicle.") ;;; #$Mountain (#$isa #$Mountain #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Mountain #$LandTopographicalFeature) (#$genls #$Mountain (#$SolidFn #$EarthStuff)) (#$comment #$Mountain "A collection of topographical features. Each element of #$Mountain is a geographical region of significantly higher elevation than its surrounding area. Mountains may occur individually or as part of a chain (see #$MountainRange). Examples: #$MountWhitney, #$DiamondHead-Mountain, #$MountKosciusko, #$AyersRock, #$MountOlympus.") ;;; #$MountainRange (#$isa #$MountainRange #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$MountainRange (#$MobFn #$Mountain)) (#$genls #$MountainRange #$LandTopographicalFeature) (#$comment #$MountainRange "A collection of topographical features. Each element of #$MountainRange is a natural group of mountains. Examples: the #$RockyMountains, #$Andes-Mountains, #$Alps-Mountains.") ;;; #$Mouth (#$isa #$Mouth #$AnimalBodyPartType) (#$isa #$Mouth #$UniqueAnatomicalPartType) (#$genls #$Mouth #$BiologicalLivingObject) (#$genls #$Mouth #$AnimalBodyPart) (#$comment #$Mouth "The collection of all animal mouths. A mouth is a container #$AnimalBodyPart of an #$Animal. It has an opening (a #$Portal) to the region outside the organism. Through that opening, the animal ingests tangible substances from the environment, such as food, water, air, etc. Additional activities, such as #$Chewing, may occur in the #$Mouth, and it may participate in other activities such as talking, kissing, etc.") ;;; #$Movement-NonPeriodic (#$isa #$Movement-NonPeriodic #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Movement-NonPeriodic #$MovementEvent) (#$comment #$Movement-NonPeriodic "#$Movement-NonPeriodic is a subset of #$MovementEvent. Each element of this collection is an #$Event in which the #$objectMoving does not return to a previous location or orientation (either not at all or only in a chaotic fashion). E.g., the motion of a basketball being dribbled by Magic Johnson as he runs downcourt. For contrast, see #$Movement-Periodic.") ;;; #$Movement-Periodic (#$isa #$Movement-Periodic #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$Movement-Periodic #$MovementEvent) (#$comment #$Movement-Periodic "A collection of events, and a subset of #$MovementEvent. An element of this collection is an #$Event in which the #$objectMoving returns repeatedly to a certain location or orientation at more or less regular time intervals. E.g., the motion of a seesaw one afternoon; the dribbling of a basketball in place by Magic Johnson; the motion of a slinky going down a staircase as it periodically changes its orientation through a fixed, repetive series of orientations.") ;;; #$Movement-Rotation (#$isa #$Movement-Rotation #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Movement-Rotation #$MovementEvent) (#$comment #$Movement-Rotation "#$Movement-Rotation is a subset of #$MovementEvent. Elements of #$Movement-Rotation are those moving events in which the #$objectMoving rotates about an internal or external axis. For example, the daily rotation of the Earth on its axis, or the rotation of a clock hand about its fastened end.") ;;; #$Movement-TranslationEvent (#$isa #$Movement-TranslationEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$Movement-TranslationEvent #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$Movement-TranslationEvent #$Translocation) (#$genls #$Movement-TranslationEvent #$MovementEvent) (#$comment #$Movement-TranslationEvent "This collection is a subset of #$MovementEvent. An element of this set is an #$Event in which the center of mass of the #$objectMoving changes location, with respect to the relevant frame of reference. Moreover, the moving object travels along some #$pathway-Complete from its origin (#$fromLocation) to its stopping place (#$toLocation) and must, at some point during the movement, be in a different location than it was at the start of motion (even if it ultimately returns to the origin). So: One special subset of translational movements includes those in which the movement ends in the same place it started from (e.g., one lap of a race car around the Indianapolis race trace; a trip to the grocery store and back); this subset is #$Translation-NoLocationChange (including its subset #$Translation-RoundTrip). The other case is where the #$fromLocation and #$toLocation of a #$Movement-TranslationEvent are different; in that case, the movement event is also an element of #$Translation-LocationChange (e.g., the movement of the baseball during a home run hit by Roger Maris.) Note that a #$Stationary object cannot be an #$objectMoving in a #$Movement-TranslationEvent, because it has a zero translational velocity.") ;;; #$Movement-TranslationProcess (#$isa #$Movement-TranslationProcess #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$Movement-TranslationProcess #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$Movement-TranslationProcess #$MovementProcess) (#$genls #$Movement-TranslationProcess #$Movement-TranslationEvent) (#$comment #$Movement-TranslationProcess "#$Movement-TranslationProcess is the subset of #$Movement-TranslationEvent whose elements can be pragmatically considered to be continuous processes. In any instance of #$Movement-TranslationProcess, all time-slices of that process are also themselves elements of #$Movement-TranslationProcess. Note that walking is a type of #$Movement-TranslationProcess, even though it involves some nonzero accelerations and jerks. A non-example would be a plot of the various residences you've lived in (``moved to'') over the course of your lifetime; another non-example would be Captain Kirk beaming up to the Enterprise; another would be the ``tunneling'' of an electron in a tunnel diode. Note: If you believe in quantum mechanics, then ultimately all physical motion is series of discrete, discontinous ``hops''. This is where ``PRAGMATICALLY'' continuous vs. discontinuous comes in; i.e., in a quantum physics context some particular motion might be considered discontinuous, whereas in some naive everyday context that same motion is considered continuous.") ;;; #$MovementEvent (#$isa #$MovementEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$MovementEvent #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$MovementEvent #$PhysicalEvent) (#$genls #$MovementEvent #$GeneralizedTransfer) (#$comment #$MovementEvent "#$MovementEvent is the most general collection of events which are physical movements. Each element of #$MovementEvent is an action primarily about some element(s) of #$PartiallyTangible rotating or translating, periodically or nonperiodically, with respect to some frame of reference which is not a part of the #$objectMoving. Thus, Neil Armstrong stepping from the lunar landing module onto the Moon's surface is an instance of #$MovementEvent. Another element of this collection: the turning of the Earth on its axis 31 times during the month of August 1996. Li Xiaoshuang's compulsory floor exercise in the 1996 Olympics Men's Gymnastics Team Competition is also a (complex!) movement event. Note on what is NOT included in this concept: Consider a person raising her hand and waving, or a tree whose branches are bending in a strong wind: the person and the tree are remaining in the same place, so that person and that tree are not moving in the sense of #$MovementEvent (though the hand and the branches are). In other words, `performers' which do not, as a whole, rotate or translate are not #$actors in any element of #$MovementEvent. However, the waving person and tree events would have #$subEvents which DO belong to #$MovementEvent, in which a hand, a branch, etc., `moves' in this sense. Note also that elements of #$TransformationEvent, such as a caterpillar turning into a butterfly, or of #$ShapingSomething, such as molding a piece of clay into the bust of Napoleon, are also not necessarily elements of this collection, because they do not involve motion of the whole object with respect to some frame of reference that is different from the object's. (See also #$FrameOfReference.) Note: When classifying something into #$MovementEvent, one should consider (1) is it translational or rotational motion? (2) is it periodic or nonperiodic? (3) does it involve a continuous flow or a discrete (an object or objects moving completely from one place to another) motion? (4) does it involve a location change or no location change? (5) does it involve a single pathway or more than one? Based on the answers to those questions, one or more of these subsets of #$MovementEvent may more precisely represent the moving: #$Movement-TranslationEvent, #$Movement-Rotation, #$Movement-Periodic, #$Movement-NonPeriodic, #$Translation-Flow, #$Translation-Complete, #$Translation-SinglePath, #$Translation-MultiPath.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$MovementEvent #$SENSUS-Information1997 "MOTION-PROCESS") ;;; #$MovementProcess (#$isa #$MovementProcess #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$MovementProcess #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$MovementProcess #$MovementEvent) (#$comment #$MovementProcess "#$MovementProcess is a subset of #$MovementEvent. Its elements are those #$MovementEvents which can be considered as continuous motions. That is, (1) motion happens without interruption throughout a #$MovementProcess, and thus (2) every time-slice of a #$MovementProcess is also a #$MovementProcess.") ;;; #$MultiDirectionalCommunication (#$isa #$MultiDirectionalCommunication #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$MultiDirectionalCommunication #$Communicating) (#$comment #$MultiDirectionalCommunication "A collection of complex information transfer events. Each element of #$MultiDirectionalCommunication is an event in which more than one agent is involved as a #$senderOfInfo. For example, a conversation or a debate, as opposed to a speech or lecture. The predicate #$infoContributed is used to correlate each sending agent with the information s/he transmits in such an event. For communication acts having only one sender, see #$CommunicationAct-Single.") ;;; #$MultiGraph (#$isa #$MultiGraph #$Collection) (#$genls #$MultiGraph #$SetWithStructure) (#$comment #$MultiGraph "An instance of #$PathSystemType and a subcollection of #$PathSystem. Each instance of #$MultiGraph is an instance of #$PathSystem in which the only points are nodes in the system and all paths are made of links (i.e., no intermediate points along links). Sometime such a system is called a graph or multi-graph in graph theory. A #$MultiGraph consists of nodes interconnected by links, with loops on single nodes allowed, and with multiple links between the same two nodes also allowed. (For a graph with no parallel links and no loops, see #$SimpleGraph-GraphTheoretic.") ;;; #$MusclePoweredDevice (#$isa #$MusclePoweredDevice #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$MusclePoweredDevice #$KineticEnergyPoweredDevice) (#$comment #$MusclePoweredDevice "A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$MusclePoweredDevice is a device which is powered by animal muscle power (including human labor); e.g., hammers, horse-drawn carriages, etc.") ;;; #$MuscleTissue (#$isa #$MuscleTissue #$ExistingStuffType) (#$genls #$MuscleTissue #$BiologicalLivingObject) (#$genls #$MuscleTissue #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$comment #$MuscleTissue "The collection of all instances of muscle tissue, considered as an #$OrganicStuff; that is, the collection of all tissue composing the biological organs that convert chemical energy into mechanical energy. E.g., the elements of #$Biceps, #$Triceps, #$Heart, #$Stomach, all consist of some type of #$MuscleTissue.") ;;; #$MuscularSystem (#$isa #$MuscularSystem #$AnimalBodyPartType) (#$genls #$MuscularSystem #$AnimalBodyPart) (#$comment #$MuscularSystem "The collection of all animals' muscle systems. A #$MuscularSystem of an animal is composed of all its muscles, considered as a functional whole. As a system, they work together to enable foot motions in locomotion, pumping in circulation, breathing in respiration, biting and chewing and swallowing in eating, etc.") ;;; #$Music (#$isa #$Music #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$Music #$SoundInformationBearingThing) (#$comment #$Music "A collection of sounds; a subset of #$SoundInformationBearingThing. Each element of #$Music is a sound produced by actions such as singing, whistling, playing an instrument, playing recorded music, etc. Music has certain features that distinguish it from random noise (though recognizing them may depend upon a specific cultural background); such features usually include variations of pitch over time (i.e., melody), multiple (somehow) related pitches sounding at one time (i.e., some kind of harmony), and/or some regular temporal pattern to the component sounds (i.e., rhythm). Examples of #$Music include: the debut performance of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony; Leonard Bernstein's rendition of the Ninth Symphony with the BPO in Berlin in 1989; a particular playing of a particular CD of Bernstein's 1989 Ninth in Berlin; the Messiah sing-in in Austin, TX, in 1995.") ;;; #$MutuallyDisjointIntervalCollection (#$isa #$MutuallyDisjointIntervalCollection #$Collection) (#$genls #$MutuallyDisjointIntervalCollection #$Collection) (#$comment #$MutuallyDisjointIntervalCollection "A collection of collections. Any element, X, which is an element of #$MutuallyDisjointIntervalCollection is a collection of interval types X1, X2, X3,..., whose instances are #$temporallyDisjoint; that is, each instance of X1 has no temporal intersection with any instance of X2 or X3 or...; each instance of X2 has no temporal intersection with any instance of X1 or X3 or...; etc. For example, consider #$DayOfWeekType, whose instances are #$Monday, #$Tuesday,... It is true that (#$isa #$DayOfWeekType #$MutuallyDisjointIntervalCollection), because no Monday can temporally intersect any Tuesday or Wednesday or....; no Tuesday can temporally intersect any Monday or Wednesday or...; etc. Other elements of #$MutuallyDisjointIntervalCollection include #$DayOfWeekType, #$CalendarSeasonType, #$HourOfDayType, and so on. See also #$TemporallyDisjointIntervalType.") ;;; #$NTupleInterval (#$isa #$NTupleInterval #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$NTupleInterval #$Tuple) (#$genls #$NTupleInterval #$AttributeValue) (#$comment #$NTupleInterval "A collection of mathematical objects; a subset of #$Tuple. Each element of #$NTupleInterval is a tuple (an ordered list of items) whose items are intervals. For example, vectors and complex numbers, as well as scalar intervals (which are one-tuples). Note that intervals in Cyc may be numerical, or they may be intervals along any scale with distinguishable gradations (e.g., riskiness, alertness, roughness of texture).") ;;; #$NamedRoadway (#$isa #$NamedRoadway #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$NamedRoadway #$Street-Generic) (#$comment #$NamedRoadway "The collection of named parts (stretches or segments) of roadways. (Not roadway the stuff.) Instances are named pieces of roadways (or highways or streets) which have names and lengths, and (usually) intersect with other roads. ") ;;; #$Narrative (#$isa #$Narrative #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$Narrative #$PropositionalInformationThing) (#$comment #$Narrative "A collection of pieces of information; a subset of #$PropositionalInformationThing. Each element of #$Narrative is a recounting of events, told in sequence (or so that their temporal order is decipherable) and involving some agent or members of a set of agents. Narratives may be factual or fictional; thus, the agents involved may be real people or fictional characters. Examples: the #$PeloponnesianWarHistoryByThucydides, the #$Frankenstein-Novel of Mary Shelley, Mark Twain's #$AdventuresOfHuckleberryFinn.") ;;; #$NationalOrganization (#$isa #$NationalOrganization #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$NationalOrganization #$Organization) (#$comment #$NationalOrganization "A collection of organizations. An element of #$NationalOrganization is an organization which has nationwide `scope' -- that is, nationwide distribution (throughout some #$Country) of members and/or activities, as opposed to to local, state-wide or international organizations. Examples: the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and the Daughters of the American Revolution in the United States; the Red Guards and the Young Pioneers in China (PROC).") ;;; #$NationalPostalService (#$isa #$NationalPostalService #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$NationalPostalService #$ServiceOrganization) (#$genls #$NationalPostalService #$LegalGovernmentOrganization) (#$comment #$NationalPostalService "A collection of national postal services run by the governments of their particular countries. The United States Postal Service would be an example, but United Parcel Service, since it is a private business, wouldn't be.") ;;; #$NationalTaxAgency (#$isa #$NationalTaxAgency #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$NationalTaxAgency #$LegalGovernmentOrganization) (#$comment #$NationalTaxAgency "A collection of government organizations. An element of #$NationalTaxAgency is a revenue agency that is part of the government of a #$Country and which is concerned primarily with collecting tax money (from national taxes) from the residents of that #$Country. This collection does NOT include customs agencies and agencies that collect minor fees only.") ;;; #$Nationality (#$isa #$Nationality #$Collection) (#$genls #$Nationality #$HumanCultureType) (#$comment #$Nationality "A collection of collections. Each #$Nationality is the set of people resident in (or visiting for a long term) some country -- e.g., #$AmericanPerson, #$TrinidadAndTobagoPerson, etc.") ;;; #$NaturalLanguage (#$isa #$NaturalLanguage #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$NaturalLanguage #$Language) (#$comment #$NaturalLanguage "The collection of languages which are used for human communication and evolved naturally. This includes dead languages such as Ancient Greek and Latin but excludes concocted languages such as Esperanto.") ;;; #$NaturalTangibleStuff (#$isa #$NaturalTangibleStuff #$ExistingStuffType) (#$genls #$NaturalTangibleStuff #$TangibleThing) (#$comment #$NaturalTangibleStuff "A collection of naturally occurring tangible things. Each element of #$NaturalTangibleStuff is a naturally occurring tangible thing, including, for example, elements of its subsets #$EarthStuff, #$Wood, and #$Air. Man-made materials are NOT included in #$NaturalTangibleStuff.") ;;; #$NavalShipBase (#$isa #$NavalShipBase #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$NavalShipBase #$ContactLocation) (#$genls #$NavalShipBase #$HumanlyOccupiedSpatialObject) (#$genls #$NavalShipBase #$GroundsOfOrganization) (#$comment #$NavalShipBase "The collection of all naval bases with facilities for #$ModernNavalShips, or operated by a #$Navy.") ;;; #$Navigating (#$isa #$Navigating #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$Navigating #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$Navigating #$PurposefulAction) (#$genls #$Navigating #$Thinking) (#$comment #$Navigating "The collection of all events in which the performer determines the location of an object in some frame of reference, and determines the direction the object should travel to reach some destination. Navigating usually involves using some devices (compass, clock, etc.) as aids") ;;; #$NavigationDevice (#$isa #$NavigationDevice #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$NavigationDevice #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$genls #$NavigationDevice #$PhysicalDevice) (#$comment #$NavigationDevice "A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$NavigationDevice is a device used for #$Navigating, i.e., for taking the bearings and plotting the course of someone or something travelling through some medium, usually in some transportation device. Instances include the simplest elements of #$Compass, but also sophisticated GPS (geopositioning systems utilizing satellites.)") ;;; #$Navy (#$isa #$Navy #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Navy #$MilitaryOrganization) (#$comment #$Navy "A collection of military organizations. An element of #$Navy is a military organization, modern or historical, composed mainly of seaborne forces and/or forces responsible for military operations on water and adjacent coastal areas. Includes battleships and aircraft carriers (with their battle groups), submarines, shore patrol vessels, and special forces, as well as the support personnel of naval bases.") ;;; #$NavyPersonnel (#$isa #$NavyPersonnel #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$NavyPersonnel #$MilitaryPerson) (#$comment #$NavyPersonnel "A collection of people, a subset of #$MilitaryPerson. Each element of this collection is somebody who works for a #$Navy.") ;;; #$NegativeInteger (#$isa #$NegativeInteger #$MeasurableAttributeType) (#$genls #$NegativeInteger #$Integer) (#$genls #$NegativeInteger #$NegativeNumber) (#$comment #$NegativeInteger "#$NegativeInteger is a subset of #$Integer. Each element of #$NegativeInteger is a whole number less than zero; thus, -4, but not 0 or 4 or -4.3.") ;;; #$NegativeNumber (#$isa #$NegativeNumber #$MeasurableAttributeType) (#$genls #$NegativeNumber #$RealNumber) (#$comment #$NegativeNumber "#$NegativeNumber is a subset of #$RealNumber. Each element of #$NegativeNumber is a real number that is less than zero; thus, it includes -0.17, but not 0 or 5 or 0.17.") ;;; #$Negotiating (#$isa #$Negotiating #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$Negotiating #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Negotiating #$Communicating) (#$genls #$Negotiating #$Thinking) (#$comment #$Negotiating "A collection of #$Communicating events. In a #$Negotiating, an #$Agent communicates facts and changes in the #$Agent's attitude or conditions to another #$Agent, with the (ostensible) purpose of their reaching an #$Agreement.") ;;; #$NervousSystem (#$isa #$NervousSystem #$UniqueAnatomicalPartType) (#$isa #$NervousSystem #$AnimalBodyPartType) (#$genls #$NervousSystem #$AnimalBodyPart) (#$comment #$NervousSystem "The collection of all animals' nervous systems. A #$NervousSystem is composed of all its nerves, brain, etc., and enables the animal to sense things and react to them both by instinct (spinal reflex) and deliberation (brain).") ;;; #$Nervousness (#$isa #$Nervousness #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Nervousness #$FeelingAttribute) (#$comment #$Nervousness "Feeling of nervousness and excitability. One can be nervous ABOUT something in particular, or one can have undirected feelings of anxiety. For the former, state an assertion of the form (#$feelsTowardsObject ?AGT ?OBJ #$Nervousness ?DEGREE) or (#$feelsTowardsEvent ?AGT ?EVNT #$Nervousness ?DEGREE); but for the latter (undirected feelings of anxiety) use (#$feelsEmotion ?AGT #$Nervousness). Note: This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. A more specialized #$FeelingAttributeType than #$Nervousness is #$Panic.") ;;; #$Neutron (#$isa #$Neutron #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Neutron #$Nucleon) (#$comment #$Neutron "A collection of objects; a subset of #$Nucleon. Each instance of #$Neutron is a nucleon which has an #$ElectricalCharge of 0.") ;;; #$News (#$isa #$News #$StuffType) (#$genls #$News #$PropositionalInformationThing) (#$comment #$News "A collection of abstract (intangible) informational items. Each element of #$News consists of some factual information about recent events in the world (or #$geographicalSubRegions thereof). News is commonly embodied in newspapers and communicated through radio and television news broadcasts.") ;;; #$Night (#$isa #$Night #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$Night #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Night #$QualitativeTimeOfDay) (#$comment #$Night "#$Night is the temporal complement of #$DaytimeHours: each #$Night is #$contiguousAfter one #$DaytimeHours, and vice versa. Each #$Night intersects two different #$CalendarDays. Each #$Night is #$temporallyStartedBy a #$Dusk, #$temporallyFinishedBy a #$Dawn, #$contiguousAfter a #$Sunset, and has a #$Sunrise which is #$contiguousAfter it.") ;;; #$NoAmountFn (#$isa #$NoAmountFn #$GenericValueFunction) (#$resultIsa #$NoAmountFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$arg1Isa #$NoAmountFn #$PrimitiveAttributeType) (#$arg1Genl #$NoAmountFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$NoAmountFn "NoAmountFn is a Cyc function, in particular, an element of #$IndividualDenotingFunction. It is one of several functions used to denote so-called `generic' values for a wide variety of attributes. When ATT is a type of attribute, (#$NoAmountFn ATT) returns a zero amount of ATT. For example, (#$NoAmountFn #$Elasticity) represents zero elasticity and is the property of things that don't re-expand at all following compression; e.g.,instances of #$Ceramic, #$Silicon, or #$Sugar-Generic.") ;;; #$NobleGas (#$isa #$NobleGas #$TangibleStuffCompositionType) (#$genls #$NobleGas #$ElementStuff) (#$comment #$NobleGas "All pieces of all substances that are comprised of one type of noble gas") ;;; #$NodeFn (#$isa #$NodeFn #$NonPredicateFunction) (#$resultIsa #$NodeFn #$SetOrCollection) (#$arg1Isa #$NodeFn #$Thing) (#$comment #$NodeFn "For each #$PathSystem SYS, (#$NodeFn SYS) denotes the set of all nodes in SYS (see #$PathSystem). Note that the function #$NodeFn and the predicate #$nodeInSystem are interdefinable. We normally use #$NodeFn, for convenience, when we consider some relations between different path systems even though for a single path system SYS, we can replace each (#$nodeInSystem X SYS) by (#$elementOf X (#$NodeFn SYS)).") ;;; #$NonExclusiveUserRights (#$isa #$NonExclusiveUserRights #$UserRightsAttribute) (#$comment #$NonExclusiveUserRights "An attribute of an object with respect to an #$Agent, meaning that the #$Agent has non-exclusive use of the object. All #$Agents can claim this use-right to an object if any #$Agent can. This attribute is not the same as #$GroupUserRightsAttribute, as there is no specific group to which #$Agents must belong in order to claim this right. This is typically used for things so fundamental we hardly consider them `rights.' E.g., the right to breathe air, use public parking lots, walk the streets as a free person, drive on public roads, etc. If you think about it, though, you'll realize that there is an implicit `group' that can exercise each of those rights. So think of it this way: one can define the group explicitly as a group, and then assert that each member has #$GroupUserRightsAttribute (e.g., the group of licensed drivers has the right to drive on public roads), or one could define a context, a #$Microtheory, in which performers of actions defaulted to members of that group, and in that context the right (e.g., the right to drive on a public road) would be a #$NonExclusiveUserRights.") ;;; #$NonLeapYear (#$isa #$NonLeapYear #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$NonLeapYear #$CalendarYear) (#$comment #$NonLeapYear "The collection of #$CalendarYears which are not leap years; i.e., calendar years in which February has 28 days") ;;; #$NonNegativeInteger (#$isa #$NonNegativeInteger #$Collection) (#$isa #$NonNegativeInteger #$MeasurableAttributeType) (#$genls #$NonNegativeInteger #$Integer) (#$genls #$NonNegativeInteger #$NonNegativeScalarInterval) (#$genls #$NonNegativeInteger #$NonNegativeNumber) (#$comment #$NonNegativeInteger "#$NonNegativeInteger is the subset of #$Integer that excludes the negative integers. Each element of #$NonNegativeInteger is a whole number greater than or equal to zero, e.g., 0, 1, 2, 3, ....") ;;; #$NonNegativeNumber (#$isa #$NonNegativeNumber #$MeasurableAttributeType) (#$genls #$NonNegativeNumber #$RealNumber) (#$comment #$NonNegativeNumber "#$NonNegativeNumber is the subset of #$RealNumber that excludes the negative reals. Each element of #$NonNegativeNumber is a number greater than or equal to zero, e.g., 0, 0.173, Pi, 4, 101, ....") ;;; #$NonNegativeScalarInterval (#$isa #$NonNegativeScalarInterval #$Collection) (#$genls #$NonNegativeScalarInterval #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$NonNegativeScalarInterval "For a measurable non-negative quantity, the ordered sequence of possible values may be thought of as a line. #$NonNegativeScalarIntervals are the line segments (or points) on such a line, representing a range of consecutive values, all equal to or greater than 0. The most common case is where the line is just the non-negative part of the Real Number Line, and in fact where the #$NonNegativeScalarInterval is either a contiguous set of points there (i.e., a range of numbers) or just a single point there (i.e., a number). Another common case is where the line has some unit of measure marked off, such as meters.") ;;; #$NonPersonAnimal (#$isa #$NonPersonAnimal #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$NonPersonAnimal #$Animal) (#$comment #$NonPersonAnimal "The collection of all #$Animals that are not #$Persons.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$NonPersonAnimal #$SENSUS-Information1997 "NONHUMAN-ANIMAL") ;;; #$NonPhysicalPartPredicate (#$isa #$NonPhysicalPartPredicate #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$NonPhysicalPartPredicate #$PartPredicate) (#$comment #$NonPhysicalPartPredicate "A collection of predicates. Instances of #$NonPhysicalPartPredicate are used to describe the relationship between a #$PartiallyIntangible and its non-physical parts.") ;;; #$NonPoweredDevice (#$isa #$NonPoweredDevice #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$NonPoweredDevice #$PhysicalDevice) (#$comment #$NonPoweredDevice "A collection of tangible objects; a subset of #$PhysicalDevice. An instance of #$NonPoweredDevice is a device which is `inert' as opposed to being powered in any way. Non-powered devices do not need to have any kind of energy supplied to them in order to function -- not even kinetic energy supplied by a user (except perhaps to move them into place). E.g., a coat hanger. Once you hang a coat up on it, it does its function without any motion, without any energy being converted or used, etc. So this collection is a much smaller collection that than consisting merely of devices which don't require fuel or electricity (e.g., a hammer). It should be noted that an inert device need not be #$Stationary during use (though many are); for example, tires are inert devices in the sense that once they are placed on a vehicle they don't require any energy input to do their job, which is, in essence `hanging onto a wheel no matter what!'. A steering wheel, on the other hand, is not a #$NonPoweredDevice. Further examples of #$NonPoweredDevices include a table, a floor mat, a bookshelf, an auto ramp, a bookmark, a support column, and a shirt.") ;;; #$NonPredicateFunction (#$isa #$NonPredicateFunction #$RelationType) (#$isa #$NonPredicateFunction #$Collection) (#$genls #$NonPredicateFunction #$FunctionTheMathematicalType) (#$comment #$NonPredicateFunction "The collection of functions in the Cyc language whose uses are to be treated as NATs (non-atomic terms). In other words, these functions, when applied to arguments, form new terms that may then freely appear as arguments in other CycL expressions. For example, consider #$GovernmentFn. It takes one argument, such as #$France, and the resulting NAT --- in this case (#$GovernmentFn #$France) --- can be used anywhere in CycL expressions that an instance of #$RegionalGovernment could occur. We could, instead, have created a specific new term `GovernmentOfFrance', asserted that it #$isa #$RegionalGovernment, etc., but by having NATs we can drastically reduce the total size of the Cyc vocabulary of constant terms. This collection does not include: 1) abstract functions, like the one-to-one function that must exist between the positive integers and the rational numbers; 2) Lambda functions (functions which bind variables in arbitrary CycL expressions; #$TheSetOf is an example); 3) Predicates. Predicates can be thought of as functions from a set of arguments to a truth value. Wffs that start with a predicate can even serve as terms, i.e., as arguments to other predicates, but when they do so they can't just be replaced with their truth value! So #$Predicate is a subset of #$FunctionTheMathematicalType but not a subset of #$NonPredicateFunction.") ;;; #$NonProfitCorporation (#$isa #$NonProfitCorporation #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$NonProfitCorporation #$LegalCorporation) (#$genls #$NonProfitCorporation #$NonProfitOrganization) (#$comment #$NonProfitCorporation "A collection of corporations; a subset of both #$LegalCorporation and #$NonProfitOrganization. An element of #$NonProfitCorporation is a #$LegalCorporation which is engaged in non-profit or not-for-profit activities. Typically, (unlike commercial corporations,) non-profit corporations have no shareholders or owners, although they are commonly governed by a board (cf. #$BoardOfDirectors). Many non-profit organizations are incorporated, including charities, political action groups, clubs, and political parties. Most have official non-profit standing with a government. Because they are non-profit organizations, non-profit corporations do not pay corporate income taxes. For the broader class of non-profit entities, see #$NonProfitOrganization.") ;;; #$NonProfitEmployee (#$isa #$NonProfitEmployee #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$NonProfitEmployee #$Professional) (#$comment #$NonProfitEmployee "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$NonProfitEmployee is a worker who is employed by a non-profit organization such as a college, museum, or charity foundation.") ;;; #$NonProfitOrganization (#$isa #$NonProfitOrganization #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$NonProfitOrganization #$Organization) (#$comment #$NonProfitOrganization "A collection of organizations. An element of #$NonProfitOrganization is an organization whose activities are not conducted for the profit of any owner. Thus, non-profit organizations are typically exempt from business taxes. Most non-profit organizations are charities, clubs, schools, political action groups, political parties, or churches. See also the specialization #$NonProfitCorporation.") ;;; #$NonPublishedText (#$isa #$NonPublishedText #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$NonPublishedText #$TextualMaterial) (#$comment #$NonPublishedText "A collection of information bearing things (IBTs). #$NonPublishedText is that subset of #$TextualMaterial whose elements are text that has not yet been published (such as a rejected book manuscript) and may not even be intended for publication (such as a memo or personal letter).") ;;; #$NonVerbalCommunicating (#$isa #$NonVerbalCommunicating #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$NonVerbalCommunicating #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$NonVerbalCommunicating #$Communicating) (#$comment #$NonVerbalCommunicating "A collection of information transfer events; a subset of #$Communicating. Each element of #$NonVerbalCommunicating is a transmission of information by means of some bodily movement other than speaking. Subsets include #$ShakingHands and #$Cuddling, since such actions by definition are communications involving two actors. (Note that #$MakingAGesture (q.v.) is NOT a subset of #$NonVerbalCommunicating; instances of #$MakingAGesture are merely information-encodings. They may or may not be #$subEvents of #$NonVerbalCommunicating events.)") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$NonVerbalCommunicating #$SENSUS-Information1997 "NON-VERBAL-COMMUNICATIVE-ACT") ;;; #$NonintrusiveJunction (#$isa #$NonintrusiveJunction #$RegionType) (#$genls #$NonintrusiveJunction #$JunctionOfPaths) (#$comment #$NonintrusiveJunction "The collection of junctions or crossings of #$Path-Generics in each of which: one path crosses, or its end joins the side of, another path of the same, or possibly a completely different, type, without so intruding upon or affecting the path as to cause it to be different in nature or name on either side of that junction. (Examples: A small side street joins a major boulevard and the boulevard does not change name or size at the junction. A hallway ends at another hall, but only allows looking through a window into it. A railroad crossing. A small vein is one of the #$sideBranches of a large vein and the name of the large vein doesn't change at that point.)") ;;; #$NonlexicalLinguisticObject (#$isa #$NonlexicalLinguisticObject #$LinguisticObjectType) (#$genls #$NonlexicalLinguisticObject #$LinguisticObject) (#$comment #$NonlexicalLinguisticObject "The collection of linguistic objects which are not morphemes, but which nonetheless make up part of a language system; e.g., the parts of speech.") ;;; #$North-Directly (#$isa #$North-Directly #$UnitVector-Precise) (#$isa #$North-Directly #$GeographicalDirection) (#$genlAttributes #$North-Directly #$North-Generally) (#$comment #$North-Directly "Due North, an element of #$TerrestrialDirection.") ;;; #$North-Generally (#$isa #$North-Generally #$GeographicalDirection) (#$comment #$North-Generally "The general direction of North. The element of #$VectorInterval that comprises the cone-shaped set of vectors pointing (from some reference point) within approximately forty-five degrees of #$North-Directly.") ;;; #$NorthEast-Directly (#$isa #$NorthEast-Directly #$UnitVector-Precise) (#$isa #$NorthEast-Directly #$GeographicalDirection) (#$comment #$NorthEast-Directly "The precise Northeast direction from any geographic point other than a pole.") ;;; #$NorthEast-Generally (#$isa #$NorthEast-Generally #$GeographicalDirection) (#$comment #$NorthEast-Generally "The general direction of NorthEast. The #$VectorInterval comprising the cone-shaped set of vectors pointing (from some reference point) within approximately forty-five degrees of pointing in the same direction as #$NorthEast-Directly.") ;;; #$NorthWest-Directly (#$isa #$NorthWest-Directly #$UnitVector-Precise) (#$isa #$NorthWest-Directly #$GeographicalDirection) (#$comment #$NorthWest-Directly "The precise Northwest direction from any geographic point other than a pole.") ;;; #$NorthWest-Generally (#$isa #$NorthWest-Generally #$GeographicalDirection) (#$comment #$NorthWest-Generally "The general direction of NorthWest. The #$VectorInterval comprising the cone-shaped set of vectors pointing (from some reference point) within approximately forty-five degrees of pointing in the same direction as #$NorthWest-Directly.")